Seeking new ways to visually represent uncertainty in data: What we can learn from the fine arts

In data visualization, the representation of uncertainty and error estimation is often difficult to display effectively. Constraints on the number of dimensions that can be expressed visually as well as limitations of statistical graphing software often lead to data visualiza-tions that inadvertently omit and/or poorly convey the uncertainty and vulnerability of the underlying data. This research is based on more than 400 works of fine art from museum collections and galleries across several countries, curated and analyzed for inspiration and information on potentially effective ways to visually communicate uncertainty, ambiguity, and vulnerability. We chose these artworks because we feel they have a unique ability to convey uncertainty using a range of approaches and techniques. This paper includes observations from the analysis , examples of compelling works of art from the research, and an exploration of ways these works might inform data visualization practice, specifically for the visual display of uncertainty.